This volume continues the narrative account of the history of the kibbutz movement from the outbreak of the Second World War onwards. This period included a number of dramatic and complex developments: the effects of the world war and the Holocaust on the kibbutzim and their youth movements;the political struggles which led to the end of the British mandate; the War of Independence, including the role of the Palmach and the political controversy it engendered; the crises which followed the establishment of the State of Israel and the politics of the kibbutz movement in the early yearsof independence; and the kibbutzim's gradual adaptation to their new position in Israeli society and to the problems and challenges of a multi-generational society in the late twentieth century. Although the detailed narrative ends in 1977 (when the Israeli political system, and the status of thekibbutz, underwent a radical change), it is followed by a detailed overview describing the many developments which took place between 1977 and 1995. Much of the material is new in any language, and virtually all is new in English.Throughout, economic developments, immigration and agricultural settlement, political and ideological issues, and internal social developments are presented as interdependent and as vitally affected by-and often affecting-the changing fortunes of the Jewish people, the Zionist movement, and theJewish community in Palestine/Israel. But the kibbutzim are also presented as a special instance of a widespread social phenomenon: communal and co-operative societies.