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De bedrieger (2014)

door Javier Cercas

Andere auteurs: Zie de sectie andere auteurs.

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Een zoektocht naar het echte leven van Enric Marco, voorzitter van de Vrienden van Mauthausen. In 2005 bleek dat hij zich ten onrechte voordeed als overlevende van dit concentratiekamp. Zijn ontmaskering veroorzaakte een schok. In de overgangsperiode na 40 jaar dictatuur, waarin Spanje zich opnieuw moest uitvinden, lukte het Enric met een verzonnen verzets- en vakbondsverleden een mediapersoonlijkheid te worden.… (meer)
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Engels (5)  Spaans (3)  Catalaans (3)  Deens (1)  Frans (1)  Alle talen (13)
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Der er flere grunde til, at man skal bruge sin tid på at læse Javier Cercas ”roman uden fiktion” fra 2014. Bogen blev fortjenstfuldt oversat og udgivet af det lille forlag Aurora Boreal i 2019, der havde fået øje på dens store betydning i Spanien og på dens kvaliteter som litteratur i grænselandet mellem biografi, essay og roman.

Bogens altdominerende hovedperson er Enric Marco, som i 2005 var i centrum for en enorm skandale, der gav genlyd over hele verden. Marco var på det tidspunkt 85 år gammel, og han var en meget dynamisk og synlig formand for Mauthausens Ofre, en forening for deporterede fra Spanien til de tyske KZ-lejre under anden verdenskrig. Han havde netop holdt en følelsesladet tale for det spanske parlament, hvor han igen mindede spanierne om, at det var på tide at huske fortiden og at erkende de forbrydelser, der var begået mod venstreorienterede og antifascister under frankismen.

Sagen var bare, at Marco aldrig havde været i KZ-lejr, aldrig var blevet deporteret af den spanske regering, og aldrig havde gennemgået alle de personlige lidelser, som han fyldte foredrag, avisartikler og interviews med.

Den anden hovedperson i bogen er Cercas selv. Han var fra starten fascineret af sagen, som fyldte ham med vrede, men han vægrede sig længe ved at skrive bogen, for selvom ambitionen selvfølgelig var én gang for alle at rive masken af Marco, så havde han ikke lyst til at give ham den opmærksomhed, som en 400 siders biografi jo også er. Den tvivl og den usikkerhed, som møderne med Marco skabte, lægger Cercas åbent frem. Han deler også de overvejelser, som han må gøre sig for at prøve at forstå Marcos handlinger.

Der er primært tre: For det første reflekterer han over løgnens natur ved at dykke ned i filosofihistorien, for selvom løgn som udgangspunkt er moralsk forkasteligt, så er der masser af tænkere fra Platon til Nietschze, der har argumenteret for, at det alligevel kan være tilladeligt eller ligefrem nyttigt i konkrete situationer. Falder Marco ind under disse? For det andet er der det litterære forbillede i Don Quijote. Den arme ridder var jo ganske almindelig adelsmand fra den gamle provins, indtil han en dag midt i livet besluttede sig for at opfinde sig en anden virkelighed, hvor livet var mere eventyrligt, hvor han havde en mere interessant fortid, og hvor han endelig kunne blive den hovedperson i tilværelsen, han havde drømt om at være. Og endelig er der forholdet mellem erindring og historie. Da Marco brød igennem i offentligheden, løb han gennem en åben dør, for det lå netop i tiden, at det nu var tid til et opgør med fortiden. Det var tid til at huske, og ophøjelsen af erindringen blev også til et ”vidnets tyranni” efter Cercas’ opfattelse. Hvor historien søger den objektive sandhed, er erindringen altid individuel og forskudt. Marcos eksempel er selvfølgelig ekstremt, fordi han slet ikke havde været i lejrene, men Cercas er generelt skeptisk over for, hvor præcise og hvor repræsentative erindringer egentlig er, hvis de får lov til at stå alene og uantastede.

Disse refleksioner veksler med en afdækning af Marcos liv, der både afslører et meget almindeligt spansk liv i det tyvende århundrede og en enestående evne til at udnytte fortidens – herunder den falske fortids – magt. Som ung i Barcelona i 1930’erne, var det ikke usædvanligt, at Marco var en del af den republikanske kamp, men om han var lige så aktiv, som hans senere forklaringer antyder, er uklart. Det var ikke usædvanligt, at unge spaniere under krigen meldte sig som frivillige arbejdere til Tyskland for at undgå militæret, men det var usædvanligt at havne i et tysk fængsel og undslippe det igen. Efter krigen og frem til slutningen af 1960’erne var det ikke usædvanligt, at man dukkede hovedet og koncentrerede sig om at leve et almindeligt og produktivt liv som automekaniker, og det var måske ikke engang så mærkeligt, at man senere påstod, at man havde været en del af den hemmelige antifrankistiske kamp, men der var nok ikke mange, der gjorde det så udførligt og så offentligt som Marco.

Bogen afdækker, hvordan Marco fra slutningen af 1960’erne gradvist konstruerer sin fortid, først som antifascistisk veteran, siden som deporteret til Tyskland, og hvordan han bruger den opfundne fortid til at iscenesætte sig som leder af den anarkistiske fagforening, i foreningen for forældre til skoleelever og til sidst som formand for Mauthausens ofre. Der er altså et tydeligt mønster, hvor Marco udnytter sin konstruerede fortid til at sætte sig selv i centrum, men hvor han samtidig kun opnår sin store gennemslagskraft, fordi han er veltalende, energisk og villig til at påtage sig mere arbejde and de andre medlemmer.

Enric Marcos historie er i sig selv sensationel og fascinerende, men Cercas formår også at sætte hans fortælling ind i en bredere samfundsmæssig og kulturhistorisk sammenhæng. Det er er afgjort en styrke, og det er også en styrke, at Cercas både dømmer og nuancerer Marco, fastholder det amoralske i hans gerninger, men samtidig fremhæver, hvad han har opnået, uden at forfalde til at hylde selviscenesættelsen. ( )
  Henrik_Madsen | Jun 10, 2023 |
Una fascinante novela sin ficción saturada de ficción; la ficción no la pone el autor: la pone Enric Marco. ¿Quién es Enric Marco? Un nonagenario barcelonés que se hizo pasar por superviviente de los campos nazis y que fue desenmascarado en mayo de 2005, después de presidir durante tres años la asociación española de los supervivientes. ( )
  Rafadaz | Apr 27, 2022 |
I received this book for free from First to Read for an honest review.
This is the story of Enric Marco who lied about being a Spanish deportee to the Flossenburg Concentration Camp. The author talks a lot about not wanting to write the book and how he struggled. He also details how he tried to find the truth about Marco's life. I really enjoyed the book. The writing was very good and did not find a lot of editorial mistakes which is always an added plus when reading a book.
This was enjoyable because I had never heard of Enric Marco and his deception and learned a lot about Spanish history as well. I thought the author did a good job with the book but the recanting of whether to write the book or not was a bit tedious. ( )
  CrystalToller | Mar 5, 2019 |
The Impostor by Javier Cercas is certainly not what I expected. I hoped to read the story of Enric Marco's life and charade. This book is more a memoir of the author Javier Cercas himself. In the context of Enric Marco, the author struggles with his own life and his own thoughts of being an impostor. Aside from the content, the writing style of the book is very difficult to understand. Both issues made this not the book for me.

Read my complete review at http://www.memoriesfrombooks.com/2019/02/the-impostor.html

Reviewed for Penguin First to Read program. ( )
1 stem njmom3 | Feb 13, 2019 |
(Original Review, 2014-11-24)

“The Impostor” is the story of Enric Marco, a fake holocaust survivor from the Flossenbürg concentration camp and one time chairman of the French association Amicale de Mauthausen. Cercas labels it a "novel without fiction", presumably because literary awards for fiction are sexier than those for non-fiction. It’s been done before, as Cercas points out, referencing Truman Capote and Emmanuel Carrère (but not poor Norman Mailer). To be fair, it’s been done before by Cercas as well. Ever since the success of "Soldier of Salamis" rescued his faltering literary career back in 2002, Cercas has been grafting fiction to varying degrees onto real life characters and events.

Enric Marco is also a textbook case. His story mirrors that of many other fake holocaust survivors and even fraudsters like disgraced 9/11 survivor Alicia Esteve Head aka Tania Head (also name checked). Cercas traces Marco’s motivation in his troubled childhood, born out of wedlock from a schizophrenic mother in a mental asylum and passed around different relatives eventually ending up with a sympathetic uncle. The diagnosis is pretty straightforward, Marco is a Narcissist (cluster B by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders). And yet, while admitting his craving for admiration, it was empathy. The pop psychology is mercifully limited to passing guilt at having abandoned his mother in the asylum and lack of physical contact with his father, who never held his hand. Cercas is also happy to discount profiteering, an accusation otherwise leveled at Jerzy Kosiński after the publication of "The Painted Bird."

From the outset, Cercas displays a passive aggressive attitude towards Marco. He keeps procrastinating (possibly because he lacks the exclusive) and, I’d speculate, is only persuaded by the endorsement of Claudio Magris.

While I am morally and politically repelled by the character, I confess my admiration as a novelist for his prodigious narrative skills and his power of persuasion, akin to those of the greatest fantasizers in the history of literature. On top of that, Cercas’ son, Raul, who starts off videotaping the interviews with Marco, (before getting bored, or changing career, and dropping out), points out that Marco is a smarter version of Alonso Quijano who assumes the fantastical and fictional character of Don Quixote in Cervantes’ novel, whilst failing to be persuasive to any extent. Cercas establishes from the outset his position, he’s there to listen, not to justify. Problem is he ends up doing most of the talking. It takes him 60 odd pages to even get started (he has reservations, see) therefore exposing his own narcissism. Amidst countless narrative loops, Cercas does eventually get to the facts. Marco was never an anti-Franco, antifascist militant, he didn’t participate in the invasion of the Balearic Islands, he wasn’t captured by the Germans while acting for the Catalan resistance in France, but emigrated to Germany to work and escape military service. Alas, none of this is presented with any panache, as Cercas casts himself not as a historian but as a fact checker. ( )
  antao | Dec 9, 2018 |
1-5 van 13 worden getoond (volgende | toon alle)
Enric Marco was one of the most famous men in Spain. As President of the “Amical de Mauthausen”, an association of Spanish survivors of the Nazi camps, he spoke eloquently about the evils of Fascism. In a speech given to the Spanish Parliament in 2005 his account of his experiences in a concentration camp had the children of deportees in the gallery in tears. This wasn’t all. He had fought on the Republican side in the Civil War, been persecuted by the Franco regime and then, as Secretary-general of the CNT (the Anarchist trade union) been influential in the transition of Spain from dictatorship to democracy. Quite a life! What a hero!

But then came exposure; he was unmasked. He had never been in a concentration camp, though he had been in Germany during the war as a volunteer worker. His anti-Fascist credentials were soon questioned. If he had lied about the concentration camp, why should he be believed about anything? Yes, he had been a magnificent and compelling speaker about the horrors of Nazi Germany and Franco’s Spain, but he was still an impostor, mocked and reviled.

Cercas probes this mysterious and extraordinary life with uncommon patience, uncommon skill and uncommon sympathy. He reminds us that he is himself a novelist and that novelists tell lies as a means of pointing to some sort of truth. The Spanish philosopher José Ortega y Grasset thought that one way of understanding an individual’s life was to see it as a novel in the making. Is this the key to understanding Enric Marco: that he made a novel of his life? Or was he just an unscrupulous liar who would say anything to be loved and famous?

Cercas is too good a novelist to find a definite answer to his quest; readers of this fascinating book, admirably translated by Frank Wynne, are invited to make their own judgement. Cercas has given us the material to do so.
toegevoegd door kidzdoc | bewerkThe Scotsman, Allan Massive (Nov 22, 2017)
 
Enric Marco has had a remarkable life. A prominent Catalan union activist, a brave resistance fighter in the Spanish Civil War, a charismatic Nazi concentration camp survivor, and more. In January 2005 he addressed the Spanish parliament to mark the 70th anniversary of the liberation of Auschwitz. He is, everyone agrees, an extraordinary man. Heroic, almost.

The thing is, his extraordinary, heroic biography is at least partly a lie. But which parts?

In The Impostor, the novelist Javier Cercas seeks to disentangle Marco’s lies from those small provable truths supporting them. Cercas is reluctant at first (troubled by Primo Levi’s ‘to understand is almost to justify’); but Marco himself is a surprisingly willing participant in the investigatory process, granting Cercas multiple lengthy interviews. Does Marco’s unquenchable desire to be the centre of attention at all times simply trump his fear of being exposed as the serial liar that he is?
toegevoegd door kidzdoc | bewerkThe Spectator, Daniel Hahn (Nov 11, 2017)
 
Its subject is Enric Marco: an actual person, now close to 100. In the 1980s, as newly democratic Spain began to recover its public memory of civil war and dictatorship, this Catalan trade unionist emerged as the charismatic spokesman for Spanish survivors of deportation to German concentration camps. In countless talks, Mr Marco brought tragic history to life, bearing witness to Nazi barbarism. Then, in 2005, a historian unmasked him as an impostor, “a compulsive, barefaced liar”. Mr Marco had gone to Germany, but as a volunteer worker, not an inmate. He fabricated his anti-Franco exploits. Yet, after exposure, the “shameless charlatan” justified his pretence as a “noble, altruistic lie” that opened younger eyes to the evils of the Holocaust. Unabashed, this “novelist of himself” continued to “gild his biography with an epic lustre”.

Mixing dogged research and testy, sparring interviews with the charming pretender, Mr Cercas scrupulously tracks Mr Marco’s big lie. As an author who juggles reality and fiction, he interrogates his own attraction to this saga of deceit: “Perhaps only an impostor could tell the story of an impostor.” As he peels away the “onion skin” around this “peerless trickster”, does the narrator also create a saintly fiction of himself as the fearless slayer of falsehoods? Mr Cercas links Mr Marco’s imposture to the “industry of memory” in post-Franco Spain, as “the entire country was reinventing itself.” He shows this contested past, and his interpretations of it, as a play of masks and myths built around “an enormous collective lie”. No heroic rebel, the conformist Mr Marco “always sides with the majority”. Indeed, his “narcissistic and kitsch” hoaxes reveal nothing less than “the true history of Spain”.
toegevoegd door kidzdoc | bewerkThe Economist (Nov 2, 2017)
 

» Andere auteurs toevoegen (3 mogelijk)

AuteursnaamRolType auteurWerk?Status
Javier Cercasprimaire auteuralle editiesberekend
Arpaia, BrunoVertalerSecundaire auteursommige editiesbevestigd
Beyer, ÉlisabethVertalerSecundaire auteursommige editiesbevestigd
Grujičić, AleksandarVertalerSecundaire auteursommige editiesbevestigd
Kultzen, PeterÜbersetzerSecundaire auteursommige editiesbevestigd
Pitta, HelenaVertalerSecundaire auteursommige editiesbevestigd
Wynne, FrankVertalerSecundaire auteursommige editiesbevestigd

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The story of Don Quixote is the story of a simple hidalgo named Alonso Quixano who, shortly before his fiftieth birthday, having lived a mediocre, tedious, unfulfilling existence holed up in a one-horse town in La Mancha, decides to throw everything to the devil and reinvent himself as a knight-errant, and set off to live the life of a hero, an idealistic life brimming with courage, honor and love; Marco's is a similar story: the story of a simple mechanic named Enrique Marco who, shortly after his fiftieth birthday, having spent the greater part of his life living a mediocre, tedious, unfulfilling existence holed up in a car repair shop in Barcelona, decides to throw everything to the devil, reinvent himself as a civil hero and set off to live the life of a civilian hero, an idealistic life brimming with courage, honor and love.
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Een zoektocht naar het echte leven van Enric Marco, voorzitter van de Vrienden van Mauthausen. In 2005 bleek dat hij zich ten onrechte voordeed als overlevende van dit concentratiekamp. Zijn ontmaskering veroorzaakte een schok. In de overgangsperiode na 40 jaar dictatuur, waarin Spanje zich opnieuw moest uitvinden, lukte het Enric met een verzonnen verzets- en vakbondsverleden een mediapersoonlijkheid te worden.

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