This annual directory, first published in 1953, profiles more than 11,800 contributors to the visual arts. Within this publication, you will find all segments of the art world including artists, gallery/museum administrators, consultants, writers, critics, curators, dealers, historians, educators, lecturers, collectors, exhibitors, association/organization executives, award/grant recipients, librarians, scholars and publishers. The individuals featured in this new edition were obtained from nominations provided by current entrants, art associations, galleries and museums or from citations in professional publications. In many cases, though, the names are collected independently by our research and editorial staffs, which use a wide assortment of tools to gather the most complete, accurate, and up-to-date information available. As in all Marquis Who's Who biographical volumes, the individuals profiled in Who's Who in American Art are selected on the basis of current reference value. Factors such as position, noteworthy accomplishments, visibility, and prominence in a field are all taken into account. While the vast majority of the individuals profiled on the following pages are American, Who's Who in American Art also includes the biographies of select individuals from around the world whose lives have had considerable impact and influence in America.