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Pogrom: Kishinev and the Tilt of History

door Steven J. Zipperstein

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956283,304 (3.92)15
Separating historical fact from fantasy, an acclaimed historian retells the story of Kishinev, a riot that transformed the course of twentieth-century Jewish history. So shattering were the aftereffects of Kishinev, the rampage that broke out in late-Tsarist Russia in April 1903, that one historian remarked that it was "nothing less than a prototype for the Holocaust itself." In three days of violence, 49 Jews were killed and 600 raped or wounded, while more than 1,000 Jewish-owned houses and stores were ransacked and destroyed. Recounted in lurid detail by newspapers throughout the Western world, and covered sensationally by America's Hearst press, the pre-Easter attacks seized the imagination of an international public, quickly becoming the prototype for what would become known as a 'pogrom,' and providing the impetus for efforts as varied as The Protocols of the Elders of Zion and the NAACP. Using new evidence culled from Russia, Israel, and Europe, distinguished historian Steven J. Zipperstein's wide-ranging book brings historical insight and clarity to a much-misunderstood event that would do so much to transform twentieth-century Jewish life and beyond.… (meer)
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To my shame, I was mostly ignorant of Kishinev and what happened there prior to this book. This pogrom, which took place in what is now Moldova in 1903 when the area was still part of the Russian empire, brought significant attention to the circumstances of the Jewish community within the Russian empire. The violence experienced by Jewish in Kishinev is heartbreaking, although the author does a good job of piecing together which accounts can be verified and which may be hyperbolic. This book has an academic bent, but it is still more than approachable for the typical reader. ( )
  wagner.sarah35 | Aug 19, 2023 |
The book is a must read for people with a serious interest in Jewish or Russian history. The book eloquently describes how the world fell apart for what had, at the time, been probably the largest concentration of world Jewry. A combination of envy, greed and hatred boiled over and resulted in anti-Jewish riots that in many ways foreshadowed the Holocaust, or Shoah.

I have major disagreements with some aspects of the book. The author takes issue with the a poem that popularized the view that the Jews did not resist in general, and that the males did little to protect their wives from the gang rapes of the rioters. Unfortunately the Jews were historically scholarly and not focused on combat.

The riot and the poem, I believe, galvanized Jewry into a more pro-active stance. The book is sure to provoke thought and debate. ( )
  JBGUSA | Jan 2, 2023 |
I was looking for more of a chronological history of actual events. This wasn't it. It is a good look at the people and the environment surrounding the events in Kishinev. ( )
  pacbox | Jul 9, 2022 |
Page 43 reads that a "decision to launch a Kishinev electric utility was made in 1889, but it took until 1907 to start construction and two more years to put into operation." The same page shows a picture of Alexandrovskaia Street, captioned 1889, which has large electric utility poles going down it. Minor contradictions like this litter Steven Zipperstein's "Pogrom: Kishinev and the Tilt of History," making it a frustrating read.

One page presents an anti-Semitic poem by Pushkin deriding the misery of the city, but another page states that the poet "found decent if unexceptional restaurants, a society of convivial officers, moneyed civilians, and attractive mistresses." Which is it? A nice, provincial city or a town that Pushkin hopes will "be struck by thunder...and perish in flames?" Zipperstein says that literacy rates are extremely low for all ethnic groups in the city, but then gives quotes from an American lauding the newly built schools in the city. It's hard for me to get past some of this.

The book is not written as a chronology or a narrative of the Kishinev massacre. Rather, it is a series of essays. The first chapter is titled "Age of Pogroms," but readers learn more about the etymology of the word "pogrom" than they do about actual pogroms, anti-Semitism, or the Pale of Settlement. The forty-page chapter "Squalid Brawl in a Distant City" contains the meandering description of the riot. It includes a good amount of reporting, mostly from foreign reporters who arrived in the city after the fact, and few quotes from survivors, probably because the city's Jewish population was quickly scattered.

Although Zipperstein has found a few quotes from survivors, he did not personalize them. I would have appreciated learning about their lives and how the pogrom affected them personally. Perhaps this wasn't the author's goal, but it was something I expected.

The book is worth reading for another forty-page essay: "Sages of Zion, Pavel Krushevan, and the Shadow of Kishinev." It is an excellent synopsis of the scholarship that studies the creation of some of the worst anti-Semitic documents and laws. It includes Zipperstein's research that the The Protocols of the Elders of Zion, the notorious fabricated, racist text, was created by Krushevan's cohort of pre-fascist Black Hundreds. This lead to a brief but good description of racism and anti-Semitism in the modern world, including in US political life.

I think the book could have benefited from a rewrite or a closer editorial look. That could have tied together some of the disparate paragraphs and the background information about Krishinev, Russia, and the climate of anti-Semitism.

The book includes a good list of resources in the back as the works cited and a comprehensive index.

I was hoping for more of a chronological history of the Krishinev massacre along with a general description of the origins of anti-Semitism in Eastern Europe. I also expected a few long, personal stories about those who were targeted in the pogrom. In the absence of this, I read a book that was disorganized and hard to follow at times. I would like to see Zipperstein tackle the subject of East European pogroms in general. ( )
  mvblair | Mar 22, 2021 |
This is a fascinating and clearly written book about the Kishinev pogrom. This tragic event took place, obviously, in the town of Kishinev, which is in Moldavia, relatively close to the seaport of Odessa, 1903. Somewhere around 50 of the towns Jews were killed in the riots, many women were raped, and of course many more people were injured. Businesses were destroyed, as well. There were many, many first-hand, written accounts of the violence, which spread over two days, and in particular two journalists who spent weeks in the town afterwards taking down survivor and witness testimony. Zipperstein makes the point that the fact that Kishinev is on the very westernmost area of the Russian Empire made it easier for news and information about the event to get out into the rest of the world than pogroms that took place deeper inside of Russia.

Zipperstein does a very good job of placing the Kishinev pogrom in historical context. In fact, although his description of the violence is detailed, graphic and horrifying, it takes up a relatively small portion of the book's 208 pages. The first several chapters describe conditions in the town of Kishinev, describing the town, the people who live there and relations between the various nationalities and between Christians and Jews. Other historical currents presented are the state of anti-Semitism in Russia in general, the radical and reform movements, both of which had high Jewish memberships that led to suspicion of Jews in general, and the Zionist movement, both inside and outside Russia.

Zipperstein also deals with the several widely believed falsehoods about the pogrom. On the one hand was/is the belief, basically accepted as fact, that the pogrom was planned ahead of time, or at least given permission and concrete support, by elements within the national Russian government. Zipperstein debunks the idea with solid proof and lays the blame for the violence with a prominent local newspaper owner and vicious anti-Semite named Pavel Krushevan. In fact, Zipperstein also provide solid evidence, and a lot of it, that Krushevan was in fact the original author of one of the most notorious forgeries in modern history, and certainly the most damaging as far as anti-Semitism goes, the Protocols of the Elders of Zion.

Another falsehood that has come down through the years mostly unchallenged was the belief that the Jewish men of the town acted in cowardly fashion throughout the violence, frightened to defend themselves from attack or to defend their wives and daughters from being raped. In fact, Zipperstein shows, there was a whole range of reaction, as one would expect, up to and including organized armed resistance on some streets. One of the first journalists on the scene afterward, Hayyim Nahman Bialik, interviewed scores of survivors, and his notes include plenty of reference to these instances of resistance. Yet what he ultimately wrote, instead of a piece of journalism, was an epic poem about the event called "On the Slaughter," in which he chose, while intimately describing the violence and terror being perpetrated, to castigate the Jews of Kishinev for the shame of their supposed cowardice. Bialik, Zipperstein believes, was making a political and cultural point about the dangers of isolated Jewish life in Russia and throughout Europe, including a meekness acquired in the service, over the centuries, of survival. He felt justified, therefore, to employ this strong creative license, which has had many consequences in the intervening century.

The poem became an instant sensation around the world, and has been a staple of the education of system in Israel since even before the inception of Israel of a country in 1948. The ideas presented, according to Zipperstein, has served as a touchstone in the differing viewpoints of Israeli Jews and Diaspora Jews for decades. Netanyahu still quotes the poem, quite selectively of course.

Finally, Zipperman shows how the strong reaction against the pogrom throughout the U.S. became linked to the nascent Civil Rights movement, as some, both black and white, came to see the hypocricy of condemning the anti-Semitic violence in Russia while remaining silent about, or even defending, lynchings and anti-black riots in America.

So, all in all, this is a very interesting history of a dramatic, tragic event placed within the flow of both the events that led up to it and the events and concepts that emanated in its wake. ( )
  rocketjk | Mar 31, 2020 |
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Separating historical fact from fantasy, an acclaimed historian retells the story of Kishinev, a riot that transformed the course of twentieth-century Jewish history. So shattering were the aftereffects of Kishinev, the rampage that broke out in late-Tsarist Russia in April 1903, that one historian remarked that it was "nothing less than a prototype for the Holocaust itself." In three days of violence, 49 Jews were killed and 600 raped or wounded, while more than 1,000 Jewish-owned houses and stores were ransacked and destroyed. Recounted in lurid detail by newspapers throughout the Western world, and covered sensationally by America's Hearst press, the pre-Easter attacks seized the imagination of an international public, quickly becoming the prototype for what would become known as a 'pogrom,' and providing the impetus for efforts as varied as The Protocols of the Elders of Zion and the NAACP. Using new evidence culled from Russia, Israel, and Europe, distinguished historian Steven J. Zipperstein's wide-ranging book brings historical insight and clarity to a much-misunderstood event that would do so much to transform twentieth-century Jewish life and beyond.

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