LEGITIMACY VERSUS INDUSTRIALISM BY BERTRAND RUSSELL 1814-1848 INTRODUCTION This book contains the first half of a book called Freedom Organization, 1814-19141 published in 1934. The second half of this book will be reprinted under the title, Freedom versus Organization, 1776-1914. The half of this book which is here reprinted deals first with conventional diplomacy from the Congress of Vienna to the out break of revolutions in 1848, a period during which European Governments remained aristocratic, reactionary, and traditional, representing in the main the interests of landowners. It then passes to the new antiaristocratic outlook inspired by indus trialism, from Malthtis to Marx. This outlook expressed, at first, the interests of employers, but afterwards that of wage earners. Of this new outlook, official diplomacy remained ignorant. The second half of the original book, now a separate volume, leals first with the growth and new importance of the United States and then with the official relations of European States to the outbreak of war in 1914, showing a close resemblance to the Congress of Vienna in spite of aft, the vast changes in the world during the intervening century. Throughout both books one constant theme is the fluctuating fortunes of liberalism. Liberalism, as inherited from the eighteenth century, was an individualistic doctrine. It believed in the Rights of Man and a mimmurn of governmental interference. Its ideal was a population of peasant proprietors and handicrafts men. But industrial technique developed vast monopolies, possessing great power, and allowing individual initiative only to a few immensely influential captains of industry. Laisser faire proved selfdestructive, and failed to bring the hopedfor freedom. It appeared that, if freedom was to be recovered, a new social philosophy was needed. The outcome of this development is dealt with in the second book, which should be read jointly with the first. CONTENTS INTRODUCTION PART ONE: THE PRINCIPLE OF LEGITIMACY i. Napoleons Successors ii. The Congress of Vienna iii. The Holy Alliance iv. The Twilight of Metternich PART TWO: THE MARCH OF MIND Section A: The Social Background v. The Aristocracy, vi. Country Life vii. Industrial Life Section B: The Philosophical Radicals viii. Malthus ix. Bentham x, James Mill xi. Ricardo xii. The Benthamite Doctrine xiii. Democracy in England xiv. Free Trade Section C: Socialism xv. Owen and Early British Socialism, xvi. Early Trade Unionism xvii. Marx and Engels xviii. Dialectical Materialism, xix. The Theory of Surplus Value xx. The Politics of Marxism Bibliography Index Also by BERTRAND RUSSELL The A.B.C. of Relativity The Analysis of Matter Human Society in Ethics and Politics The Impact of Science on Society New Hopes for a Changing World Authority and the Individual Human KLnowledge: Its Scope and Limits History of Western Philosophy The Principles of Mathematics Introduction to Mathematical Philosophy The Analysis of Mind Our Knowledge of the External World An Outline of Philosophy The Philosophy of Leibniz An Inquiry into Meaning and Truth Logic and Knowledge The Problems of Philosophy Principia Alathematica Unarmed Victory My Philosophical Development Common Sense and Nuclear Warfare Has Alan a Future ? Why I am not a Christian Portraits from Memory Fact and Fiction Unpopular Essays Power In Praise of Idleness The Conquest of Happiness Sceptical Essays Mysticism and Logic The Scientific Outlook Marriage and Morals Education and the Social Order On Education Freedom and Organization 181419x4 Principles of Social Reconstruction Roads to Freedom. Practice and Theory of Bolshevism Prospects of Industrial Civilization zotth Dora Russell Political Ideals The Basic Writings of Bertrand Russell edited by tester E. Denonn and Robert E. Egner Bertrand Russells Best edited by Robert E. Egner Satan in the Suburbs Nightmares of Eminent Persons