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The Language of Butterflies: How Thieves, Hoarders, Scientists, and Other Obsessives Unlocked the Secrets of the World's Favorite Insect

door Wendy Williams

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"In this fascinating book from the New York Times bestselling author of The Horse, Wendy Williams explores the lives of one of the world's most resiliant creatures--the butterfly--shedding light on the role that they play in our ecosystem and in our human lives"--
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I had a lot of fun reading this book. I've been interested in reading this sort of nature/ecology book the past few years. This one was on the light side in terms of science, which made it easy and pleasurable to read, but I don't think I learned as much.

The author divides the book into three sections: past, present, and future. I loved the section about the past, learning about the beginnings of buttlerfly classification. I hadn't heard of Maria Sibylla Merian, a 17th century woman scientist who basically created the idea of scientific method and careful observation. She observed and notated through writing and art work every aspect of observable life for caterpillars and butterflies. I would like to read more about her.

The second and third section get a heavy focus on monarchs, one of the most studied butterflies. This info was all interesting, but I had learned most of it other places. Still, it was a nice synthesis.

Overall, this was a nice glimpse into what we currently know about butterflies - their life cycles, migration, and what we think they need to survive in the future. ( )
  japaul22 | Jan 2, 2024 |
A treasure trove of butterfly lore: when they first appeared on the Earth, subsequent history, differences between butterflies and moths, scientists and non-scientists alike who advanced the study of butterflies[from the well-known Darwin to the obscure Maria Sibylla Merian, who first discovered the link between the caterpillar and the butterfly]. Research past and present and conclusions are discussed along with how butterflies fit into very particular ecosystems. This was a window into the world of an insect beloved by all. ( )
  janerawoof | Oct 14, 2021 |
La farfalla è senza dubbio l’essere vivente più straordinario che esista al mondo. Badate bene, non ho detto “l’animale più straordinario”, e qui intendo spiegarvi il perché. Le farfalle hanno ispirato poeti e pittori, scrittori e musicisti, fanno impazzire di gioia bambini quando le inseguono per prenderle con la rete, oppure gli adulti quando, forniti di tele e pennelli, cercano di ritrarle in volo su campi dorati, oppure armati di binocoli e macchine fotografiche cercano di fermarne il volo ed i sospiri.

Io stesso posseggo una ricca collezione di veri esemplari di tutto il mondo con un’ampio corredo documentaristico e bibliografico. La potete vedere nella foto che correda questo post. Ricordo che anni fa, in una 'Summer school' inglese, tra i tanti corsi che avevano in offerta ce n'era uno che aveva per titolo "Butterflies watching". I partecipanti al corso dovevano dotarsi oltre che di carta, penna e colori, anche di un binocolo per fare le osservazioni di rito durante le uscite. In effetti, gran parte del tempo era 'outdoor' visitando i vari 'habitat' dove le farfalle vivono.

Ma la farfalla sembra difendere il suo mistero. La stessa etimologia della parola non è conosciuta e sfugge agli esperti. La proposta più accettabile potrebbe essere quella di Migliorini-Duro: “Voce onomatopeica, che col suono vuole rendere l’immagine del batter d’ali della farfalla”. Meno probabile la proposta del DEI: “Contaminazione del greco 'phálle tarma', ‘falena’, farfallina che si aggira intorno al lume, col latino 'papiliō, -ŏnis'. Assolutamente fantastica l’ipotesi di Devoto: “Farfalla è termine che risulta da complessi incroci di parole.

Il primo passo è l’incrocio del lat. 'papilio -onis' con 'palpitare' sotto l’influenza del battito (delle ali) da cui nasce un tipo *papilla. Il secondo passo è dato da 'falena' (greco phálaina) che incontra il lat. 'farfăra', nome di una pianta lunga e mobile (tanto che è soprannominata ‘coda di cavallo’), da cui nasce un tipo *farfăla. Dall’incrocio di *farfala e *papilla è nato allora farfalla”. Infine, non pare molto più probabile la proposta di M. Negri di una derivazione dall’arabo. Sia quello che sia “una farfalla è una farfalla è una farfalla è una farfalla”, proprio come la "rosa" di Gertrude Stein. Così si esprime Herman Hesse in “Farfalle”, un libro tanto gentile quanto prezioso:

“Bisogna essere ciechi o estremamente aridi se alla vista delle farfalle non si prova una gioia, un frammento di fanciullesco incanto, un brivido dello stupore goethiano. E certo ve ne sono buoni motivi. La farfalla, infatti, è un qualcosa di particolare, non è un animale come gli altri, in fondo non è propriamente un animale ma solamente l’ultima, piú elevata, piú festosa e insieme vitalmente importante essenza di un animale. È la forma festosa, nuziale, insieme creativa e caduca di quell’animale che prima era giacente crisalide e, ancor prima che crisalide, affamato bruco. La farfalla non vive per cibarsi e invecchiare, vive solamente per amare e concepire, e per questo è avvolta in un abito mirabile, con ali che sono molte volte piú grandi del suo corpo ed esprimono, nel taglio come nei colori, nelle scaglie e nella peluria, in un linguaggio estremamente vario e raffinato, il mistero del suo esistere, solo per vivere piú intensamente, per attirare con piú magia e seduzione l’altro sesso, per incamminarsi piú splendente verso la festa della procreazione. Tale significato della farfalla e della sua magnificenza è stato avvertito in tutti i tempi e da tutti i popoli, è una rivelazione semplice ed evidente. E ancora piú è divenuta, da festoso amante e splendente metamorfo, un emblema sia dell’effimero come di ciò che dura in eterno, e già in tempi antichi fu per l’uomo paragone e simbolo dell’anima.”

Un giorno, oltre un paio di millenni fa, il filosofo cinese Chuang-tzu si vide, in sogno, come una farfalla. Era una farfalla che volteggiava liberamente, e si divertiva molto. Non sapeva di essere Chuang-tzu. All’improvviso cominciò a percepire altre sensazioni, e si sentì di nuovo Chuang-tzu. Tuttavia, non sapeva se era Chuang-tzu che si era visto in sogno come una farfalla, o se era la farfalla che si era vista come Chuang-tzu. Ecco il testo della poesia in lingua inglese che scrisse un famoso poeta sull’episodio. Fa seguito la versione in italiano:

Chuang Tzu And The Butterfly

Chuang Tzu in dream became a butterfly,
And the butterfly became Chuang Tzu at waking.
Which was the real—the butterfly or the man ?
Who can tell the end of the endless changes of things?
The water that flows into the depth of the distant sea
Returns anon to the shallows of a transparent stream.
The man, raising melons outside the green gate of the city,
Was once the Prince of the East Hill.
So must rank and riches vanish.
You know it, still you toil and toil, what for?

----

Chuang Tzu e la Farfalla

Chuang Tzu in sogno divenne una farfalla,
E la farfalla divenne Chuang Tzu al risveglio.
Chi era vero? la farfalla o l’uomo?
Chi può dire la fine dell’interminabile mutamento delle cose?
L’acqua che scorre nel profondo del lontano mare
Ritorna diversa sulla superficie trasparente del ruscello.
L’uomo che vende i meloni fuori al cancello verde della città,
Era un tempo il principe della collina d’oriente.
Così finiscono ricchezze e status.
Tutti lo sappiamo e tu che leggi continui a faticare, a che scopo?

La scelta poetica della farfalla nella poesia di Li Po non è casuale. Infiniti infatti sono i simboli attribuibili ad essa: le anime dei defunti antenati che vagano in libertà. La crisalide è l’anima chiusa nel corpo e quando diventa adulta è simbolo di libertà dell’anima sulla morte. Il passaggio da crisalide a farfalla simboleggia la trasformazione. Il mutamento del baco in crisalide e poi farfalla è la maggiore trasformazione che possa avere luogo nel mondo animale. Non solo trasformazione fisica ma anche di personalità e di pensiero. Gli antichi Greci identificavano il continuo svolazzare di fiore in fiore da parte di queste farfalle alle inarrestabili mutazioni e continui turbamenti della mente umana. Non a caso la parola greca per farfalla è “psiche” da cui discende la parola “psicologia”. Nel mondo moderno il simbolo della farfalla sta per libertà, gioia, purezza e natura. Ecco alcune importanti caratteristiche così come le elenca il WWF:

ALI A SCAGLIE. Le farfalle, intese come quelle diurne, appartengono ai Lepidotteri (farfalle e falene), un ordine di insetti con più di 250.000 specie al mondo, secondo gruppo più numeroso degli inetti, dopo i coleotteri. Le farfalle sono soltanto una piccola parte dei Lepidotteri, appena il 5%. Il termine Lepidotteri significa «ali a scaglie». Sono proprio le minuscole scaglie a dare colori e disegni alla livrea delle farfalle. Senza scaglie, le ali sono trasparenti.

PICCOLA MA BEN DIFESA! Le farfalle sembrano essere prede facili. Hanno invece ottimi sistemi di difesa. Alcune specie, per esempio il monarca, hanno un sapore disgustoso per eventuali predatori, altre somigliano a calabroni. Ci sono poi farfalle che hanno particolari disegni (come occhi sulle ali e appendici caudali che sembrano antenne) che inducono i predatori a mordere parti del corpo senza che il morso risulti letale. Specie che hanno colori vistosi in volo, possono mimetizzarsi perfettamente al momento di posarsi. Bruchi emanano spesso un odore sgradevole e i peli di alcuni producono sostanze urticanti che possono provocare bruciore e irritazione sulla pelle dell’uomo.

GUSTI PARTICOLARI. I bruchi hanno bisogno di una pianta ospite per alimentarsi. E questa diventa fondamentale per la loro sopravvivenza. Tanto che alcuni nomi di farfalla prendono proprio origine dalla pianta alimentare. Per esempio la vanessa dell’ortica, la vanessa del cardo, la cavolaia o la ninfa del corbezzolo. Ma anche la vanessa io e l’atalanta hanno come pianta ospite l’ortica, mentre la cedronella e la cleopatra si cibano delle foglie di alaterno.

CICLO DI VITA MISTERIOSO. L’affascinante ciclo della vita delle farfalle (la metamorfosi completa e cioè il passaggio dalle fase di uovo a quella di larva o bruco a quella di pupa o crisalide fino allo stato adulto) viene utilizzato in molti paesi per insegnare i segreti della natura.

FARFALLE DI CULTURA. Ci sono molti riferimenti alle farfalle in letteratura, dalla Bibbia a Shakespeare alla letteratura contemporanea, e nella poesia e nei testi delle canzoni. Le farfalle sono anche tra gli animali più rappresentati nell’arte.

LA PAGINA DEI FAN. Molti sono gli appassionati di farfalle nel mondo. Nel Regno Unito, più di 10.000 persone si dedicano a documentare la presenza di farfalle. Ci sono 850 siti che vengono monitorati ogni settimana. Migliaia di persone viaggiano ogni anno per andare ad osservare le farfalle. Si organizzano eco-tour che toccano i paesi europei e anche note mete nel mondo, come la Valle delle Farfalle in Rhodesia o i Santuari della Monarca in Messico.
  AntonioGallo | May 15, 2021 |
Nobody hates butterflies. They bring pleasure and fascination to everyone. Yet we know enormously little about them, even today. What we do know has been assembled by Wendy Williams in The Language of Butterflies; an unabashed fan, talking to unabashed fanatics with credentials.

Butterflies come in about 20,000 varieties. Moths come in 260,000. Butterflies are generally far more colorful, making them the objects of adoration. Moths are perceived as a pain. Such is the fickle nature of glamor.

If you've ever touched a butterfly's wing, you know there is a fine powder that stays on your hands. That powder is actually the microscopic scales that make up the colorful patterns on butterfly wings. The wings themselves are not colored; there is a covering layer of scales hanging onto them. As butterflies live their lives, they lose scales, giving them a washed out look. The scales hang on (even tinier) hooks, and the whole system looks like a tiled roof - under a microscope. The brilliant blue morpho that absolutely everyone loves, is not a product of a blue pigment. Its color actually comes from light. Its scales diffract and scatter all other wavelengths except the purest blue. As its scales fall away, it too looks old and washed out. Williams says its color is not meant to attract other morphos; it is instead a defense mechanism. It so dazzles anyone or anything seeing it, that it can fly safely away before they recover their senses and try to capture it.

Much of the book is given over to monarchs, which are the focus of extreme passions all over the continent. All kinds of people have implemented tagging programs, asking finders to contact them so the flight path of the butterfly can be elaborated. The tagging itself is a bit of a miracle, as monarchs without tags weigh less than a paper clip, Williams says. Some migrate from as far as southern Canada to northern Mexico. Others stay put. Some of the migrants lay eggs while making that pilgrimage. Most don't. Unlike other butterflies, monarchs only lay eggs on milkweed. No milkweed, no new generations. Monarch caterpillars ingest the poisonous latex that gives milkweed its name. It makes monarchs poisonous to birds, so birds leave them alone.

The proboscis of a monarch is not a sipping straw for nectar. It is more like a paper towel, sopping up the fluid in the flower by laying in it. Sucking it up would take more energy than the nectar would provide. Monarch antennae are not just for touch purposes. Monarchs actually smell with them.

Though their brain is the size of a pinhead, butterflies can learn. Given the right nectars, they will go to imitation flowers, even if they're painted green, which would normally mean nothing to a butterfly. In other words, they're trainable.

Women have played an outsized role in understanding butterflies. Two notables, Maria Sybilla Merian in the 1600s, who studied them and painted them in all their stages of life and habitat, and Miriam Rothschild, the world expert in them in the late 1800s, are the subjects of deeper profiles in the book. Both women were denied an education, being just girls. Merian was the first to connect caterpillars to butterflies. Until that time, less than 400 years ago, everyone "knew" they were two different animals, one pretty, one disgusting, and no connection between them. The women went on to earn the respect of the scientific community, publishing world-beating books and scientific papers. Another woman, in Colorado, is responsible for the singularly most amazing fossils of butterflies ever found. She supplied endless examples to scientists everywhere, saving them decades of work.

Among the legions of fans, some have understood far more than others. Kingston Leong of California has figured out what makes an attractive and successful wintering area for monarchs. The requirements are complicated, requiring a long period of study of the elements that might go into it. He has helped businesses implement them, such as golf courses and even a housing development, which now attracts thousands of them every winter. It has made itself successful by marketing that feature, even putting monarchs on bathroom walls to reinforce the connection.

Some caterpillars are worshipped by red ants. The ants carry the caterpillar back to the nest and feed it. When it comes out of the chrysalis as a butterfly, they carry it out again and launch it on its way. Why? The caterpillar mimics the smell of a queen ant, and has even mastered the sound she makes. This subterfuge doesn't work with all varieties of red ant. If the ants realize their error, the caterpillar provides a lot of food for the colony.

People can actually help cover for the loss of habitat that is making it nearly impossible for butterflies to migrate. They will stop at apartment balconies and backyard gardens that present flowers and especially milkweed, hopping from charging station to charging station on their route south or north. Putting out the proper attractions is very rewarding for butterfly fans. It's a win-win. It also means huge conservation areas are not necessary. An acre here and an acre there are sufficient to keep butterflies healthy.

However, it also takes a lot of research to do it right. Williams gives the wonderful example of a conservation area, strictly fenced off from interfering cattle. It attracted no butterflies. The reason: the cattle kept the grasses in check, allowing the local wildflowers to thrive and be noticeable. Without the cattle, everything else grew too big and dense for butterflies to work the field.

There is so much more as well. Williams' book is an easy read. She is a storyteller, and has involved herself in her stories. What with the automatic prejudice in favor of the subject matter, The Language of Butterflies is a pleasure to read.

David Wineberg ( )
1 stem DavidWineberg | Mar 5, 2020 |
Toon 4 van 4
For many, insects are an annoyance and at best an inconvenience. They deserve and even demand to be dispatched to an abrupt and untimely demise. In Victorian England, on the other hand, insects were so revered that documenting and cataloguing them became a popular and passionate pastime. The eccentric banker Charles Rothschild is said to have stopped a train to allow his servants to capture a rare species of butterfly that he had spotted from a window. His daughter Miriam Rothschild, in between determining the mechanism by which fleas jump and establishing a dragonfly reserve on her estate, became a leading authority on the monarch butterfly, which she described as “the most interesting insect in the world.”

In her glorious and exuberant celebration of these biological flying machines, “The Language of Butterflies,” Wendy Williams takes us on a humorous and beautifully crafted journey that explores both the nature of these curious and highly intelligent insects and the eccentric individuals who coveted them. En route we discover, among other things, the remarkable interconnectivity of living things, the deceptions that insects deploy to trick predators and the complexities that present a significant challenge to our attempts to conserve the rapidly disappearing natural world.

The beguiling nature of butterflies, in particular the more extravagant ones such as the monarch, issues from the remarkable “flash and dazzle” of their wing patterning and coloration. For some enthusiasts, the wings of a monarch invoke an almost metaphysical sense of exhilaration similar to that experienced while observing the stained-glass windows of a cathedral. Indeed, Williams enthusiastically asserts that the monarch’s wings are nature’s version of Paris’s Notre Dame. She rapturously describes the trays of dead butterflies housed at Yale University as “kaleidoscopic assemblages” that are “so sensuous, so entirely luscious” and reminiscent of a Turner seascape.

The illusive and enigmatic pageant of color generated by butterfly wings arises, in part, from the way the tiny scales covering the wings play tricks with and manipulate light, while also functioning as optical filters. The brilliant blue hue of the blue morpho butterfly, for instance, is achieved in a unique manner. Rather than synthesizing pigment, the scales selectively remove light of every other wavelength, leaving only blue. Its unique clarity, Williams informs us, is reminiscent of the vibrating and shimmering blue of Mary’s dress in Michelangelo’s Holy Family, housed in the Uffizi Gallery in Florence.

While a lepidopterist — an expert in moths and butterflies — is likely, in the words of the natural historian Richard Fortey, to be “as familiar with the speckles and dappling of a butterfly wing as he would be with the faces of his own family,” capturing this dynamic pattern of color has proved challenging. The explorer and first natural historian of Lepidoptera, Maria Sibylla Merian, who was the epitome of an Enlightenment woman, the author of the best-selling “The Wonderful Transformation and Strong Floral Food of Caterpillars” (1679) and the discoverer of the metamorphosis of caterpillars into butterflies, resigned herself to the fact that she could not re-create the dazzling brilliance and aura of butterflies with watercolors. The fleeting and ephemeral nature of the colors was affected by the angle of vision, which shifted the iridescence through a suite of multicolored transitions in a manner that appeared to defy physics.

Although having a brain no larger than a pinhead, and weighing less than a paper clip, monarch butterflies navigate great distances. Unable to regulate their temperatures, they travel south from as far north as Canada. Williams describes how — like pilgrims walking along Spain’s Camino de Santiago — they make their way south along one of three butterfly highways toward Mexico, where they vacation during the winter months. The California coast harbors a host of overwintering monarch zones, including Pismo Beach and Morro Bay. But more than half of these have been abandoned in recent years, and the number of migrating butterflies is steadily falling. This is in part because of the loss of their habitats, which have been subsumed by intensive monoculture, orchards, vineyards and farms. It is also a result of changes in the frequency of species such as the milkweed plant that play key roles in their life cycle.

Despite their radiant beauty and often-described gentle nature, male monarchs indulge in brutal sexual behavior, knocking down females and forcing themselves upon them while they are in a half-dazed state, according to a description Miriam Rothschild provided in a 1978 essay titled “Hell’s Angels.” But close to the time of migration, their behavior undergoes an abrupt change. Instead of flitting around chasing females and feeding on nectar from flowers, they become highly social, gregarious and focused on flying south. But not all butterflies develop a travel bug. Fender blues are homebodies and do not vacation, and whereas the majority of monarchs fly back north in the summer months, a few decide to vacation year-round in Mexico.

On reviewing Charles Darwin’s “The Origin of Species,” the highly religious entomologist Thomas Vernon Wollaston noted that the existence of butterflies proved that Darwin was wrong. For how could the marvelous “tints of certain butterflies” be the product of anything but design? But in fact they offered a sound corroboration of Darwin’s theory.

While butterflies provide us with what the author Vladimir Nabokov described as “the highest enjoyment of timelessness” and teach us how life has co-evolved as a complex nexus of interconnectivities, the gradual disappearance of these magnificent creatures and the ancient secrets they invoke should shake us to the core. We must reach out to preserve the remaining fragile wildernesses before they are no more.
 
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"In this fascinating book from the New York Times bestselling author of The Horse, Wendy Williams explores the lives of one of the world's most resiliant creatures--the butterfly--shedding light on the role that they play in our ecosystem and in our human lives"--

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