Arthur JanovBesprekingen

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>  LE CRI PRIMAL, d'Arthur Janov. — Psychologue clinicien, Arthur Janov a élaboré vers 1967 les bases de la thérapie primale. Son livre, Le cri primal, publié en 1970 aux Etats-Unis, a connu un succès considérable. Le cri n’est qu’un aspect de la thérapie primale. Lorsque la souffrance dans l’enfance a été trop insupportable, elle est refoulée dans l’inconscient et ne s’exprime que sous forme de tension. C’est au moment où le patient arrive à se reconnecter sur cette souffrance enfouie que le cri jaillit : c’est l’expérience du primal qui consiste à revivre totalement un traumatisme de la petite enfance et à s’en libérer. Flammarion, 1975
—Revue Française de Yoga, (7), Janvier 1993

Librería 2. Estante 6

> LA GUÉRISON PRIMALE, Comment libérer l'incroyable puissance des sentiments, de Arthur Janov. — La vie prénatale, la toute petite enfance, l’enfance, laisse des traces indélébiles dans la psyché. Plus précisément, dans les cerveaux limbique (siège des émotions et des sentiments), et reptilien (partie du cerveau la plus archaïque, régissant les instincts, les besoins fondamentaux), ce qui implique que ces traces sont non-verbales. Elles s’inscrivent dans la page blanche du psychisme de l’enfant avant l’apparition des mots. Le manque d’amour (refus de la grossesse, désir d’un garçon alors que c’est une fille qui se présente, incapacité à accueillir le nouvel être, etc.), un choc traumatique, laisse des empreintes qui conditionneront la vie de l’adulte. En d’autres termes, nous sommes soumis à des forces inconscientes imprimées au plus profond de nous-mêmes. Ces forces agissent sur l’ensemble de l’individu : cerveau, muscles, sang ; pensée, émotions, corps, et la personnalité se construit autour de tels traumas. Tout ce qui est écrit précédemment commence à être bien connu en psychologie, et en neurosciences, et le Dr. Janov collabore avec des scientifiques d’une prestigieuse université américaine pour valider son travail. En quoi consiste la thérapie ? C’est là que Janov est novateur, car il prend le contrepoint de nombreuses thérapies. Les traumatismes précoces ou le manque d’amour parental laissant des empreintes non verbales, il devient inutile de passer par la parole : celle-ci ne pourra jamais « déloger » les conséquences émotionnelles et corporelles desdites empreintes. Il s’agit bien plutôt de déconnecter le cerveau gauche, et pour cela faire reposer la thérapie sur le « revécu ». Celui-ci est loin d’être conceptuel. Car revivre un choc émotionnel ou corporel, emmagasiné dans une mémoire enfouie, c’est réveiller la douleur et les émotions ressenties au moment de son activation, mais le processus s’achève par une libération, « un profond soulagement ». Laissons le Dr. Janov donner son point de vue : « je me suis fixé une tâche assez intimidante : démontrer qu’aucune thérapie qui utilise les mots comme mode prédominant de traitement ne peut parvenir à créer un changement profond chez le patient. Cela inclut toutes les thérapies, d’introspection, cognitive, rationnelle émotive, hypnothérapie, psychanalyse, biofeedback (bioréaction), mouvement des yeux, désensibilisation et retraitement, et imagerie guidée/rêve éveillé dirigé. Elles peuvent toutes apporter une aide, mais aucune d’entre elles ne peut amener un changement profond de la personnalité, ou procurer un soulagement profond et durable ». Le traumatisme, sa douleur, créent une déconnexion entre le cerveau gauche (le cerveau pensant) et les parties plus primaires du cerveau. Le Dr. Janov a saisi que, pour guérir réellement, il fallait reconnecter l’ensemble, retrouver une unité intérieure. « Nous avons besoin à la fois de l’aspect sentimental d’une expérience et de sa compréhension. Si un sentiment est bloqué, le système se déplace immédiatement vers le système nerveux compensatoire pour obtenir l’équilibre ». Sur un plan de connaissance de soi, on retrouve là une orientation fondamentale de la Revue : ne pas refuser et refouler ce qui est. Laisser les émotions éclore, ce qui, sur un plan pratique, revient à sentir l’instant où, sans mot, « ça » refuse l’expérience et s’en détourne. « Ce que nous recherchons, c’est la lucidité de la conscience, des niveaux inférieurs de la conscience et de leur contenu ». La lucidité ne se manifeste que dans le cerveau gauche. Si elle est seule, déconnectée du sentiment, elle sera une défense, une façon de s’exclure de l’expérience. Être conscient, c’est accueillir ce qui se passe (pensées, émotions, gestuelle), car ce qui se passe se déroule dans la conscience. Un livre passionnant, donnant l’espoir que les thérapies puissent s’inspirer de ces travaux. Cependant, nous présumons que la qualité du thérapeute est, comme toujours, un point fondamental car les énergies mises en jeu viennent des tréfonds de l’âme. Ed. Alphée, 2009 - 432 p.
—3e millénaire, (92), Été 2009

How does womb life affect a fetus? Does it shape his infancy? What about the rest of his life? Can a mother affect her pregnancy adversely by her mood, behavior or actions?

Arthur Janov, in his new book, Life Before Birth: The Hidden Script That Rules Our Lives, would go as far as to say that pregnancy and the first few months of life can determine whether someone will develop depression, diabetes, heart disease, asthma, or cancer. Janov, who is a leading psychologist and bestselling author, integrates neuroscience, psychotherapy, clinical observation and research in his narrative.

I was seven months pregnant when assigned to review this book, eager to begin, and hanging on every word.

Aside from his innovative gestational trauma therapy (he suggests a psychotherapy that accesses womb-life to relive early traumatic experiences), Janov tells us a lot about how a mother’s behavior during pregnancy shapes her unborn child. If a mother experiences significant anxiety during pregnancy, her child may be at risk for a higher output of the stress hormone cortisol. Maternal stress can have disastrous effects on a fetus, affecting oxygen levels, which can lead to placental failure. Janov also focuses on epigenetics, how genes are affected by intrauterine life. Apparently, genes can be changed through experiences the fetus undergoes while in the womb. The fetus may decide whether to express or repress certain genes.

I agree with Janov that stress is an anathema to pregnancy, but I have issues with some of his assertions. For instance, he cites one researcher who claims that the fetus is so incredibly vulnerable and fragile that even subtle perturbations in the mother’s mood can have measurable affects on the fetus that last for years. He also suggests that the low level of serotonin found in SIDS babies may be the result of previous traumas in the womb and at birth. What is the mother to do? Live in a bubble? How can a mother control subtle perturbations in her mood?

Continually, Janov stresses that a mother’s actions while carrying her infant have a lifelong effect. I found this to be his mission far more than spreading the message of his new therapy. Babies in the womb feel their mother’s anxiety as early as four months gestation, he states, so pregnant women should watch their stress levels, avoiding tasks or projects that could exacerbate it.

It’s hard to believe that the root of all of our problems come from what happened in the womb. I am not entirely convinced of his argument. But I do have to say that our society makes pregnancy seem like it’s not a special condition. Doctors tell pregnant women that they can do anything, run, work fulltime, travel. So I do champion Janov for elucidating that stress does affect the fetus and that a mother has a responsibility to her unborn child to avoid it.

Life Before Birth is a thought-provoking read. Janov is obviously well informed and knowledgeable, but the book itself suffers from too many generalizations, poor structural editing and organization. Chapters don’t progress from one to another. I think many writers of these types of books forget that both fiction and nonfiction books need a strong narrative to pull the reader thorough.

My upshot: It’s worth a read, but you may abandon along the way. One with a serious interest may hang on.

I found the concept absolutely fascinating and I myself would like to experience my birth. Unfortunately I found it more like reading a textbook and highly repetitive. It easily could have been 100 pages shorter. It was more like a professor trying to do a series of lectures in book form. In spite of the plodding that one must do to get through the book, it is worthwhile as it does make you stop and think if just maybe the solutions doctors are using to treat problems may not be correct. In the end it seems to uphold the old psychiatrist joke of "its all your mothers fault" Actually indeed it may be. Less technical would have given this an additional star.

Arthur Janov has published several books in the 40+ years since his seminal work, The Primal Scream. The central argument in all of them, however, remains the same: our prenatal and birth experiences exert a profound, albeit unconscious, impact on our lives. Because these experiences (both positive and negative) occur when our higher brain functions are not yet developed, they are imprinted in our psyche as inchoate sensations and feelings that form our initial impression of the world. And these, in turn, shape our relationship to the world around us.

Janov contends that talk therapy cannot access---much less resolve---primal wounds to the psyche. What is experienced at a primitive, preverbal stage of development cannot be effectively processed at a higher developmental level. Janov’s premise is that people need to regress and actually relive (not just recall or reimagine) fetal and birth events in order to fully process them and be rid of their pernicious effects. This rebirthing process, so the argument goes, will give us greater agency as adults, since our behaviour will no longer be patterned on unconscious reactions to past events.

While this sounds commonsensical, his patented psychotherapeutic technique is a much harder sell. He never describes how exactly the regression process actually works, nor how therapists can be sure that patients are indeed accessing and working through prenatal memories if they are back in a preverbal state and cannot communicate what they are experiencing except by means of various muscle twitches and guttural noises. Janov throws a lot of data at readers about demonstrative proof of patient improvement, but I fear it’s just a case of smoke and mirrors. Note the operative word he uses: “improvement” as opposed to recovery. Some patients are less psychotic, Janov boasts, after only one year of intensive treatment. That’s not exactly a resoundingly positive testimonial.

Do the moods or behaviours of a pregnant woman affect her fetus? No doubt, there is ample evidence in support of this claim. But do these fetal experiences actually determine our fundamental psychological orientation to the world as well as a predilection towards specific addictions and physical illnesses? Janov clearly thinks they do. I just wish his arguments were more convincing. The book is chock full of references to scientific and medical research, but what data he presents to substantiate his theory is largely indirect. Is some of it suggestive? Yes. Conclusive? Hardly. As any statistician (or defence lawyer) knows, correlations are not proof of causality. Janov is obviously aware of this, which explains his irritating habit throughout the book of prefacing statements with “well, this is pure conjecture on my part” “others may disagree with me,” etc.

Granted, psychotherapeutic theories and practices are notoriously difficult to prove scientifically. You can’t point to a person’s id or put someone’s neurosis under a microscope to examine its workings. There’s simply no way of knowing if people can actually recall---never mind relive---events that happened while they were swimming around in amniotic fluid in their mama’s belly. There is also no way of knowing if Janov’s therapy is a valid means of treating troubled people or whether he’s simply milking the one idea that first brought him a modicum of fame. A frustrating read.

I found this book to be a little bit heavier reading than I was expecting. That is not to say that I didn't get anything out of it--I did understand it to some extent. It wasn't a book that I could sit and easily read for hours. I'd put it down and not pick it back up for a few weeks to read some more. For me, it was very slow reading. This would be a good book for those who really like indepth clinical books. I generally do not like passing on books unless I like them, but this is still a book that I could see passing along to the right person who would enjoy it's content and clinical talk.

Janov’s Primal Therapy, the darling of the New Age Movement in the 1970s, was embraced by meaning-of-life chasers (including such as John Lennon, James Earl Jones and other celebrities) and scoffed at by his professional colleagues (with not just a little name-calling on both sides). Now, 44 years after his first client screamed and writhed his way to mental health -- and several books later -- Janov again writes about the fruits of his several thousand case studies.

The first half of Life Before Birth reads like a third draft with three more drafts to go. It suffers from repetition -- Janov’s need to restate every few pages that our prenatal experience is the most important predictor of our future behavior. And every third or fourth time that he mentions that, he feels compelled to repeat that primal therapy is the answer to mental-health problems -- not a band aid, but a cure, the therapy that will replace all other therapies.

The second half of the book is more organized and an easier read. It is also populated with the true-to-life examples that bring these sorts of books alive to the reader with a limited knowledge of biology, biochemistry, and scientific lingo.

Format criticism aside, the stats are impressive. For each of the thousands of therapy sessions over the past 44 years, Janov and his colleagues have recorded vital signs (temperature, pulse, respiration, and blood pressure) before and after each therapy session. They report that, somewhere around the end of the first year of therapy, the vitals begin to show improvement, and with a few more years of therapy the improvement becomes remarkable.

Improvement after a year and more is hardly the “quick fix” that Janov’s early critics claimed he was promising. He did, though, promise 100% success. No such brash claims appear in this recent work, though he continues to defend his therapeutic method as the only one with potential to cure mental illness. Others, he claims (and he particularly picks on behavioral therapies), simply teach people successful ways to tolerate their discomfort and bury their negative feelings.

His criticism of all talk therapies is that they “address the wrong brain.” Focus on the “left frontal, thinking brain” is self limiting, he says. Without addressing wordless regions in the right brain, where feelings are stored, no true progress can be made.

Our lives are imprinted with our experiences from the moment of conception, he explains. Our mothers’ moods and thoughts generate biochemical reactions within her body that are transmitted to us in the womb. If mother is anxious, distressed, unhappy, we are too. It all makes perfectly good sense. The tough part is learning to identify the chemicals, the brain patterns, and the resulting behaviors from prenatal life through life in the outside world and all the way to our death beds.

Janov has developed a sense of it through 44 years of practice and a lot of observation. What he knows intuitively from his experience is harder to prove with hard science -- but he has made some headway in that regard. After all this hard work, though, he must still say, “All of this is still very much theoretical work.”

Life Before Birth is intended for nonprofessionals, but necessarily dips its toes into some heavy scientific and medical jargon. It is relatively easy to mumble your way through the big words here and there, and a lot of meaning can be extracted without understanding all the biology and biochemistry that he carefully explains. But without these explanatory facts, his claims would be casual conjecture.

Janov relates many of the studies that support his own research, some of which have been made possible by new technologies in brain scanning. For me, these are some of the more interesting aspects of the book. I do believe that Janov’s primal therapy is a good addition to the mental-health professional’s tool kit, but I am less convinced that it will or should replace all other therapies, mainly, perhaps, because people will continue to seek out processes that they find appealing and comforting. Many, many people would rather live a life covered with bandages than undergo major surgery.

Two important points were not addressed. Even if Janov's therapy proves to be the only one that cures mental illness (and some chronic physical ones as well), it would not be available to most people: hundreds of hours of therapy at a cost of many thousands of dollars is hardly a global solution.

Janov closes with a list of cautions for prospective mothers, the things they can do to provide their child, in utero, with the best possible opportunity for a long and healthy life. This leads to the second point, the notion that providing the best possible prenatal environment for future generations goes beyond the actions of individual mothers. There are prenatal-care programs for women who cannot afford private medical care. How can these community initiatives be augmented? What can the community as a whole do to support the health of future generations?

Though so terribly plodding in spots (particularly at the beginning), Life Before Birth is a worthwhile read filled with good information and food for thought.½

In Life Before Birth, Arthur Janov claims that trauma before birth due to decreased oxygen (hypoxia), increased stress hormones (such as cortisol) or deficiencies in serotonin can impact humans later in life. He says that stress—what he terms “primal pain”—felt in utero is encoded into cell components and, through a process called methylation, chemical markers are left behind. He goes so far as to state that “irreversible changes are taking place [in the womb], changes that will determine everything from personality types to what kinds of drugs one will take.”

I checked a few of Janov’s sources, specifically some studies done at the Karolinska Institute in Stockholm. One suggests painkilling drugs administered to a woman in labour can set up her child for later addiction (1990) and another that Caesarean birth may be linked with a predisposition to immunological diseases such as diabetes and asthma (2009). I found that scientists engaged in such studies were more tentative than Janov in their conclusions. They observed that genetic changes took place in the presence of environmental triggers. The scientists also said further study was required.

I am even more skeptical about Janov’s other assertions, most of which relate to the impact of environmental conditions in the womb on an individual’s later psychological profile. He links long, strenuous labour with rage and rebelliousness in offspring, premature birth with a hesitancy of character—a sense of not being ready, and Caesarean sections with an individual’s feeling incomplete later on in life. Depression, anxiety, ADD, and even Alzheimers are all attributed to stressful prenatal experiences. A problem, of course, is that people have no memory of their prenatal lives, and for many, the mothers who might be able to tell them something about their pregnancies are no longer alive. Hospital records are likely unavailable. So what we are left with, really, is speculation about what might have gone on. Janov, though, would probably argue that the body under the control of the primitive brain knows and can show the therapist and the patient during sessions.

The author believes that the field of psychotherapy is too focused on the talking cure and the function of the neocortex (the upper brain). The early, reptilian brain must be accessed to address the deep roots of depression, anxiety disorders, ADD, and even schizophrenia. Janov claims that low body temperature, elevated blood pressure, cold extremities, etc. are indications of prenatal trauma. Primal therapy, which consists of somehow revisiting or reliving feelings one had in the womb, allows one to integrate and recalibrate physiological set points. These are pretty wild assertions, and Janov doesn’t explain how such therapy is done, except that it can involve monitoring heart beat, brain waves, blood pressure, and body temperature. He claims that after a year of therapy, chronically low body temperatures of 96 degrees F are normalized to 98 degrees and, rather bizarrely, that feet, chest and breast measurements can increase in patients. Wisdom teeth can even descend as a result! Patients have apparently “reported” these bodily changes to him. Needless to say, patient reports are a far cry from convincing scientific studies.

In spite of some of the author’s bizarre claims and his convoluted and confusing summaries of scientific studies, I still found the book provocative. It strikes me as true that neither throwing drugs at anxiety and depression nor talking about and attempting to reframe them really address why these feelings are there in the first place. However, I can’t say was exactly convinced that a person can actually relive a prenatal experience, integrate it into one’s awareness, and finally be free of debilitating symptoms.

My knowledge of primal therapy was limited before reading this book, and I don’t know much more about it upon completion. The writing itself is fairly technical; some of it is of poor quality; and there are some glaring typos. However, if you’re up for a challenge, are interested in prenatal life or psychology, and would like to speculate about how your experiences in the womb might have affected
the way you turned out, this book just might be for you.

I thank the publisher sending me this text and their brochure of other similar titles concerning early childhood development.

I'll admit, I've had a hard time processing this book, and though I plan on passing it on to others I know interested in birth and prenatal science, I can't say I got a whole lot out of it personally.

The language is very clinical, and yet at the same time, I think the author over-explained concepts which someone reading a book like this would already be familiar with. For instance, anyone who has done any reading on how pregnancy and birth conditions effect a child will likely have read many articles and studies on Oxytocin, yet the author spends a whole chapter on this as if this is "new" information. There were other parts of the book as well, where I felt like the author was talking about very simple concepts in as complicated language as he could, or saying the same thing in different ways. There were times that because of this redundancy, I found myself wondering if my bookmark had been misplaced; I was SURE I had read the same thing before.

I also wasn't expecting this book to include so much information about psychotherapy. I am not a therapist of any type, so although I enjoy learning about pregnancy and birth and how it effects one's life, the sections on how to handle these issues therapeutically didn't interest me at all.

Overall, this is a much more professional book than I expected; it's obviously not intended for the lay person wanting an "interesting read," but could definitely be useful for therapists, doctors/midwives, and other professionals.

I found this book to be more clinical than I was expecting, however, it was very interesting. It helped me to analyze more closely some of the "quirks" in my personality. At times, it was hard to keep reading it, because I felt like I was studying for a pshychiatry class or something of that nature, but at other times I was able to read several chapters at a time. I definitely liked the subject and the revelations that I experienced, and I am seriously interested in this topic, however it was at times a bit too clinical for me. I will definitely pass it on to friends who will appreciate it!½

A Spectacle of Corruption is the second memoir of ex-pugilist and private investigator, Benjamin Weaver. After a blatantly rigged trial, framing him for the murder of a man he scarcely knew, Weaver finds himself convicted of murder and sentenced to death by hanging. What follows is a harrowing escape from hellish Newgate prison and a dark journey into the grimy underbelly of 1772 London, full of poverty, violence, political intrigue and corruption. A Spectacle of Corruption is the sequel to David Liss's first novel, A Conspiracy of Paper.

Curious read thus far. Amazing that the neuroses can happen just from the act of seeking love, being denied it in some form, and the onslaught of fully understanding what that means.