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Bezig met laden... The Crime of All Crimes: Toward a Criminology of Genocidedoor Nicole Rafter
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Cambodia. Rwanda. Armenia. Nazi Germany. History remembers these places as the sites of unspeakable crimes against humanity, and indisputably, of genocide. Yet, throughout the twentieth century, the world has seen many instances of violence committed by states against certain groups within their borders—from the colonial ethnic cleansing the Germans committed against the Herero tribe in Africa, to the Katyn Forest Massacre, in which the Soviets shot over 20,000 Poles, to anti-communist mass murders in 1960s Indonesia. Are mass crimes against humanity like these still genocide? And how can an understanding of crime and criminals shed new light on how genocide—the “crime of all crimes”—transpires? In The Crime of All Crimes, criminologist Nicole Rafter takes an innovative approach to the study of genocide by comparing eight diverse genocides--large-scale and small; well-known and obscure—through the lens of criminal behavior. Rafter explores different models of genocidal activity, reflecting on the popular use of the Holocaust as a model for genocide and ways in which other genocides conform to different patterns. For instance, Rafter questions the assumption that only ethnic groups are targeted for genocidal “cleansing," and she also urges that actions such as genocidal rape be considered alongside traditional instances of genocidal violence. Further, by examining the causes of genocide on different levels, Rafter is able to construct profiles of typical victims and perpetrators and discuss means of preventing genocide, in addition to delving into the social psychology of genocidal behavior and the ways in which genocides are brought to an end. A sweeping and innovative investigation into the most tragic of events in the modern world, The Crime of All Crimes will fundamentally change how we think about genocide in the present day. Geen bibliotheekbeschrijvingen gevonden. |
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The Crime of All Crimes: Toward a Criminology of Genocide by Nicole Rafter (NYU Press, $35).
As this is written, mass graves have been found in Burundi; the “ethnic cleansing” of the Rohingyas moves ahead in Myanmar; and the murders of Christians, Muslims and Yazidi (among others) continue unabated in territory controlled by ISIL.
Genocide is no longer the twentieth century problem; it’s also the twenty-first century problem. In The Crime of All Crimes: Toward a Criminology of Genocide, Nicole Rafter looks at eight genocides of the twentieth century: The German extermination of the Herero people in East Africa; the Armenian genocide in Turkey; the Nazi murders of disabled people, the Russian massacre of Polish officers in Katyn Forest; the Suharto-led genocide in Indonesia; Pol Pot’s mass murders in Cambodia; the Guatemalan genocide of indigenous people; and the Rwandan genocide.
In seeking commonalities, she quickly finds war and civil unrest; dehumanization of the victim group; local animosities unleashed and sometimes encouraged by outsiders; and a high likelihood of recurrence if the victim group is not annihilated. Each of these commonalities may exist in one society or another, but under the right circumstances–namely, the incitement of an existential fear–will ignite into genocide.
This is an objective study that, despite its scholarly tone, is gut-wrenching. And there are 52 other genocides in the twentieth century that she didn’t cover–not to mention the genocides that we classify as “current affairs” rather than “history.”
Reviewed on Lit/Rant: www.litrant.tumblr.com ( )