from cover

Tetsutaka Sugawara was born in Hokkaido in 1941. In 1960 he began Aikido at the Hombu, Tokyo, under O-Sensei Morihei Ueshiba, founder of Aikido. In 1961, he became uchideshi under O-Sensei at Ibaraki Dojo. In 1964, he returned to Tokyo and entered Chuo University. In 1973, he established Minato Research and Publishing Co. (currently Sugawara Martial Arts Institute, Inc.) In 1975 he entered the Tenshin Shoden Katori Shinto Ryu receiving the 'kyoshi' instructor's licence in 1986. Apr. 1992, Introduced Aikido to Shanghai Institute of Physical Education, Beijing University of Medical science. Nov. 1992, Received Kyoshi-license of Okinawan Goju-ryu Karatedo by Yasuichi Miyagi. June 1993, Introduced Aikido to Wuhan Institute of Physical Education, Fujian Teachers' University, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medical science in China. May 1995, Received Aikido 7th dan by Kisshomaru Ueshiba. Intruduced Aikido to Chengdu Institute of Physical Education in China. Received the Lecturer's License of Shanghai Institute of P.E.

Lujian Xing was born in Shandong province in the Peoples Republic of China in 1963. He entered Fujian Chinese Medical Science University in 1980 graduating in 1985. He studied northern/southern style 50 kinds of Chinese Martial Arts under Changxiang Du, Yanling Xing and other instructors. In 1992, he entered Sugawara Martial arts Institute as an uchideshi under Tetsutaka Sugawara and learnt Aikido and Katori Shinto Ryu techniques, also studying the relationships between Aikido and Chinese martial arts with Tetsutaka Sugawara. In 1993, he entered the School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University. After graduation, he joined the National Institute of Health Sciences, Japan in 1995, studying to create new medicines using herbs. He had successfully completed a program of Pharmacological Study of Grude Drugs in Division of Pharmocognosy and Phytochemistry from April 1, 1995 to March 29, 1996.

Contents

Preface Kisshomaru Ueshiba
Preface Tetsutaka Sugawara
Foreword Lujian Xing
A Chronology of China and Japan
Part 1 History of the Relationship betwen Japanese and Chinese Martial Arts
Introduction
Han Race, Yamato Race and Minorities
Relationship between Japan and Scythia, Khitai and Huns
The Japanese Cavalry
Japanese Martial arts Schools
Ancient History, Ancient Legends and 'Ki-ki' the Two Histories
Chapter 1 Primitive Societies
Marital Arts in the Birthplace of the Juman Race
Geographical Reatures of Japan and the Japanese
The Discovery of Charcoals and Natural Irons
Shamanism
Migration of the Human Race
Spread of Horn-used wrestling
Prototypes for weapons
Masks and winter clothing
Chapter 2 Xia, Shang and Zhou Eras
Xia Era (21st century B.C. to 16th century B.C.)-Great distasters strike the earth; The silk road-steppe route and sea route; Emergence of martial arts for show; Xia Dynasty and bronze ware-means to train soldiers and learn martial arts-Wu-wu
Shang Era (16th century B.C, to 11th century B.C.)-Foundation of slavery nation
Zhou Era, West Zhou (11th century B.C. to 771 B.C.)-Fight with the northern race; development stage of weapons; naginata and bronze age; origin of Tungus
Chapter 3 Chunqiu and the warring states era
The Chunqiu and Warring states era (770-476 B.C.)
East Zhou (770-256 B.C.)-Buddhism, shintoism, and iron; Chinese bronze ware and iron ware; Origin of iron ware The Hittite Empire; Hittites; Characteristics of Achynaces type short sword; Iron production method in China (a kind of iron refining method using coal); By whom and for what purpose was this sword made and where did the ores used for it come from?
Warring States Period (475 B.C.-221 B.C.)-Seven heroes in the warring states period and the great wall of China; Equestrian races of Tungus ancestry in Japan; Imperial family and Scythian myths; Izumo myth and Tungus myth; Country-transfer myth in Japan; Were the Qi Dynasty and Izumo Dynasty the same?; Supremaacy-transfer myth in Izumi and Qi; Estaablishment of imperial genealogy; Westward invasion of Arahabaki Clan; Establishment of tactics, sword technique and medicine (China); Jomon culture started with iron ware; Nomadic races-Orochons, Huis, and Tartars; Tungus settling in the Maritime province; iron ware brought to Hokkaido
Chapter 4 Qin, Three Kingdoms Era (B.C. 221 to 280 A.D.)
Qin (B.C. 221 to B.C. 206)-Completion of Sinocentrism
Han Dynasty (206 B.C. to 220 A.D.)
Early (West) Han (206 B.C. to 24 A.D.)-Development of the theory of conquest by the equestrian race; Iron sword (Liuyedao or Sukanto) in the Han dynasty; Zhou, Han Era iron weapons; Han era iron weapons
Late (East) Han (25 to 220 A.D.)-the eastward invasion by Yamato Takeru (Middle of Yayoi Period, around 95 A.D.)
Three Kingdoms Period
Wei (220 to 265 A.D.)
Shu (221 to 261 A.D.)
Wu (222 to 280 A.D.)-Oh, an iron-making clan in ancient times; materials for swords excavated from ancient tombs; Establishment of the Tatara method and Warabite-to; Makiri of Ainu and Warabite-to; History of Blade and Hilt; Armors in the Tumulus period; Invasion of Asian continent by Japan; Yamato dynasty's class system in the 7th century; Enthronement of the Arahabaki tribe
Chapter 5 Jin and the Period of Northern and Southern Dynasties- (265 to 581 A.D.)
Western Jin (265-316 A.D.)
Eastern Jin (317-420)-In search of the method used to forge Japanese swords; Eboshi and swordsmith
Sixteen states (304-439)-Descendants of Scythia-Koguryo and the Yamato emperor; The mix of horse-riding people's culture and Tungus' culture; The iron of the Tungus-Orochon race
Chapter 6 Sui, Tang, Five Dynasties/Ten Kingdoms Era
Sui (58-618)
Tang (618-907)-Professionalization fo civilian martial arts; A big reform and the rebellion; The development of mask playing; mask transmitted to Japan; Mask and protector; protectors in the Nara Era; The purpose of the Ohshu Expedition; Japanese sword and Sanskrit characters; The army numbers for the Emishi expedition and Kanoko Ruin
Five Dynasties, Ten Kingdoms Era (907-979)
Chapter 7 Sung, Yuan Era
Liao (907-1125)(established by Kittan race)-Japan, Han (Korea), Yin (China) same ancestor theory from 'Kittan Koden'
Sung Era
Northern Sung (960-1127)-The Big Four inventions of China; Weapons in the Sung era; The weapons in Kiyomizu-dera-engi-emaki; Protectors in the Heian Era
Sokuth Sung Era (1127-1279)
Yuan Era (1279-1368) (established by Nuzhen race)-Protectors in Kamakura era; Downfall of the Fujiwara families and movements of Ohshu swordsmiths to other places
Chapter 8 Min, Qing Era
Min (1368-1644)
Protectors in Nanpokuchi Era-Protectors in Muromachi era; The martial arts schools in the Muromachi era; Martial arts in the Muromachi era; protectors in Adzuchi Momoyama Era and after
Qing (1644-1911)-the end of marital arts prohibition
Chapter 9 Era of the Republic of China (1912-1949)
Regions of Chinese martial arts; The three big river groups
Chapter 10 Era of People's Republic of China
The cultural exchange to China
Chapter 11 Conclusion
Japanese weapons and martial arts-Why straight swords changed to curved swwords; Gokaden in kaido and dynasties; Hoko, sword and spear
Japanese martial art schools-Koryu Budo and Gendai Budo
Part 2 Chinese Martial Arts
Chapter 1: Outline
Significance of Chinese Martial arts
The developmental stages of Chinese martial arts-The origin of martial arts; The technical development of chinese martial arts; The formation of Clhinese martial arts; The development of theories of martial arts
The Main sections of clhinese martial arts of today-Folk channel; Special organizations; Chinese free sparring; health-building style
Training and Health-building
Chapter 2: Methods
Section 1: The Head
Keep a correct posture of the head-dodge protections
Safeguard the head-Side dodge and front-side dodge; circle dodge; duck dodge; backward dodge; parry protections
The Use of the head in attack
Section 2: The Eyes
Methods of viewing the ipponent-Looking in the eye; looking at the shoulders; looking at the blade; viewing the trend; looking sideways; casting a deceptive look; giving smiling eyes; looking with deterrence
Methods of viewing oneself-viewing oneself in attack and defense; The significance of viewing oneself in self-possession
Section 3: The Upper Limbs
The fist-Thrust fist; chop fist; crosscut fist; hook fist; smash fist; upswing fist; turning fist; chicken heart-shaped fist and Phoenix eye-shaped fist
The Palm
Fingers-Flipping; piercing; catching
The Elbow-Elbow butting; elbow pushing; elbow circling; defense against elbows
The Arms-Upward parry; Parry with elbpw lifted; Back-handed parry; Inward parry; Outward parry; Double parry; frontal block; downward parry; arm press; inward swing of the arm; arm lift; arm twine; arm bump
Postscript 1: Fist Principles
Postscript 2: Leg Principles
Part 3 The Theory of Aikido
Ckhapter 1 Aikido Old Tradition
Chapter 2 Aikido Spirit
The View of the Universe in Aikido
Love of mankind and aikido
International friendship
Chapter 3 Classificaton of techniques
Kinds of taijutsu-standing, sittiing and Hanmi-handachi techniques; pushing techniquwes, holding techniques, throwing techniques
Chapter 4 Classificaton according to puroses
A method of maintaining good health
An art of self defence
Martial art
Takemusu-aiki or free style aiki method
Techniques using weapons
Weapon-taking
Chapter 5 Recommendation of total martial arts
Pleasure of practicing traditional martial arts
Main points in learning Taijiquan
Adopt karate in attacking techniques of aikido
Points to be reconsidered in aikido
Create your own techniques (Takemusu-aiki)
Chapter 6 How to use each part of your body and mind
'Aiki' and how to use 'eyes'
Breathing
Kiai
Relationship between aiki and suki
Footwork
Triangle entering method
Head
Hands (palm)
Wrists
Arms
Shoulders
Elbows
Knees
Koshi (hips or waist)
Kusshin
Ma'ai distance
Rasen undo (spiral movement)
Chapter 7 Training Method
Taijutsu training (empty hand)-Training in hard, soft, flow and ki styles (Hard 1st stage; soft 2nd stage; flowing 3rd stage; Ki training 4th stage); Applied techniques-varied techniques against attacks; Block training in soft style; block training in hard style
Part 4 Aikido and Chinese Martial Arts
Chapter 1 Basic movements
Empty hand (no weapon)-Tai no henko (turning method); Katatedori tenkan-ho (basic); Urawaza tenkan ho (hard/strong style); Omote-waza tenkan-ho (hard/strong style) Ki-flowing tenkan-ho
Tenkan-ho with attacks (self-defence style)
Taijiquan style tenkan-ho (soft style)
Kokyu-ho (breath method)
Irimi-ho (entering method)
Irimi training
Ukemi and defensive moves-Aikido and Chinese martial arts ukemi
Chapter 2 Basic Techniques
Tsuki dai-ikkyo omote waza
Tsuki dai-nikyo ura waza
Tsuki dai-sankyo omote waza
Tsuki dai-yonkyo omote waza
Yokomen-uchi dai-gokyo
Iriminage (entering throw)
Katatedori shihoknage
Kotegaeshi (Taijiquan style)
Soto-mawari kaiten-nage
Chapter 3 Attacks and defences
Training in hand techniques-Uchi-waza striking; shomen-uchi
Yokomen-uchi
Atemi and shomen-uchi
Jodan tsuki (upper level)
Thrusting method
Defense using Taijiquan teachniques
Gedan tsuki (lower level thrust)
Agezuki (rising punch)
Tori-waza (grasping)-Kosa-dori (same hand hold); Katatedori; ryotedori; Hijidori (elbow or sleeve); Sodedori (sleeve hold); munadori (lapels hold); Ushiro ryokatadori (both shoulders hold); Ushiro ryotedori (both hands hold); Ushiro kubijime (rear strangle hold)
Ashi-waza-chudan geri (mid level kick); gedan geri (lower level kick)
Attacks using hands and/or feet together
Chapter 4 Application of Chinese martial arts
Original techniques-Yuinshou of Taijiquan-Dai-ikkyo ura-waza with Yuinshou (cloud hands)
Taijiquan Duishou (pushing hands)-One hand training, diagonal; One hand traininig, vertical; Both hands training (horizontal); Taijiquan duishou dai-ikkyo ura-waza (downwards); Taijiquan duishou dai-ikkyo ura waza (upwards)
Original techniques-Gechong (Nanquan-Southern Style)
Gechong applied to aikido-Katatedori how to hold; throwing techniques with Gechong; Gechong block and throw; Iriminage with Gechong
Original techniques-Baguazhang; Throwing techniques with Baguazhang
Original Techniques-Nanquan